The benefits of integrated eye tracking with airborne image recorders in the flight deck: A rejected landing case study

Aircraft accident investigation has played a pivotal role in improving the safety of aviation. Advances in recorder technology, specifically Cockpit Voice Recorders (CVRs) and Flight Data Recorders (FDR) have made a huge contribution to the understanding of occurrences for accident investigators. However, even these recorders have limitations such as the evidence they provide about pilots' situation awareness or behaviours. Supplementing audio and data recordings with video has been discussed for many years and whilst there continues to be debate among regulators, operators, manufacturers and pilot unions, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has mandated Airborne Image Recorders (AIR) from 2023. The purpose of installing such systems is to provide evidence of crew operational behaviours in terms of both human-human and human-computer interactions (HCI) on the flight deck. Video alone is unlikely to provide sufficient evidence for investigators. This study examines the additional value that eye-tracking technology may provide through the case study of an accident involving an Airbus A330-300 aircraft which experienced a rejected landing. Currently, the investigation of such events, where crew interaction with automation is critical to their situation awareness, relies heavily on interview data. Such data may be unavailable (in the case of serious injury) or unreliable (based on hindsight bias). By integrating eye tracking technology into an AIR, accident investigators will potentially gain a better understanding of pilots’ visual scan patterns across flight deck instrumentation. This has implications for flight deck and procedural design as well as training and simulation.     

InSAR技术在矿区地表变形监测中的应用

以禹州市梁北矿为研究区，利用2018年11月—2020年6月间35景5 m×20 m分辨率Sentinel-1A数据，采用InSAR技术，利用SBAS（短基线集InSAR）雷达干涉测量方法对梁北矿进行地面沉降信息提取解译，并通过实地调查成果认为，采用InSAR技术适合在矿区开展地表变形监测。     

'EUROPART'. Airborne particles in the indoor environment. A European interdisciplinary review of scientific evidence on associations between exposure to particles in buildings and health effects

The relevance of particle mass, surface area or number concentration as risk indicators for health effects in non-industrial buildings has been assessed by a European interdisciplinary group of researchers (called EUROPART) by reviewing papers identified in Medline, Toxline, and OSH. Studies dealing with dermal effects or cancer or specifically addressing environmental tobacco smoke, house dust-mite, cockroach or animal allergens, microorganisms and pesticides were excluded. A total of 70 papers were reviewed, and eight were identified for the final review: Five experimental studies involving mainly healthy subjects, two cross-sectional office studies and one longitudinal study among elderly on cardiovascular effects. From most studies, no definite conclusions could be drawn. Overall, the group concluded that there is inadequate scientific evidence that airborne, indoor particulate mass or number concentrations can be used as generally applicable risk indicators of health effects in non-industrial buildings and consequently that there is inadequate scientific evidence for establishing limit values or guidelines for particulate mass or number concentrations.     

Large-scale radon hazard evaluation in the Oslofjord region of Norway utilizing indoor radon concentrations, airborne gamma ray spectrometry and geological mapping

We test whether airborne gamma ray spectrometer measurements can be used to estimate levels of radon hazard in the Oslofjord region of Norway. We compile 43,000 line kilometres of gamma ray spectrometer data from 8 airborne surveys covering 10,000 km² and compare them with 6326 indoor radon measurements. We find a clear spatial correlation between areas with elevated concentrations of uranium daughters in the near surface of the ground and regions with high incidence of elevated radon concentrations in dwellings. This correlation permits cautious use of the airborne data in radon hazard evaluation where direct measurements of indoor radon concentrations are few or absent. In radon hazard evaluation there is a natural synergy between the mapping of radon in indoor air, bedrock and drift geology mapping and airborne gamma ray surveying. We produce radon hazard forecast maps for the Oslofjord region based on a spatial union of hazard indicators from all four of these data sources. Indication of elevated radon hazard in any one of the data sets leads to the classification of a region as having an elevated radon hazard potential. This approach is inclusive in nature and we find that the majority of actual radon hazards lie in the assumed elevated risk regions.     

A study of the dispersion of expiratory aerosols in unidirectional downward and ceiling-return type airflows using a multiphase approach

Dispersion characteristics of expiratory aerosols were investigated in an enclosure with two different idealized airflow patterns: the ceiling-return and the unidirectional downward. A multiphase numerical model, which was able to capture the polydispersity and evaporation features of the aerosols, was adopted. Experiments employing optical techniques were conducted in a chamber with downward airflow pattern to measure the dispersion of aerosols. Some of the numerical results were compared with the chamber measurement results. Reasonable agreement was found. Small aerosols (initial size 相似文献   

Airborne microbiological characteristics in public buildings of Korea

Characteristics of airborne bacteria and fungi were surveyed in the public buildings regulated in Korea, with the six-stage cascade impactor. The total concentrations of airborne bacteria and fungi were averaged to 404 and 382 cfu m⁻³ in hospital, 931 and 536 cfu m⁻³ in kindergarten, 294 and 334 cfu m⁻³ in elderly welfare facility, and 586 and 371 cfu m⁻³ in postpartum nurse center. Mean respirable concentrations of airborne bacteria and fungi were 194 and 292 cfu m⁻³ in hospital, 358 and 347 cfu m⁻³ in kindergarten, 134 and 266 cfu m⁻³ in elderly welfare facility, and 254 and 289 cfu m⁻³ in postpartum nurse center, respectively. Based on this results, total and respirable concentrations of airborne bacteria and fungi were significantly highest in kindergarten and lowest in elderly welfare facility (p<0.05$p<0.05$). The ratios of indoor and outdoor concentration for airborne bacteria and fungi were below 1.0 in all the investigated public buildings regardless of size distribution. The dominant genera identified in the public buildings were Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., and Bacillus spp., for airborne bacteria and Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., and Aspergillus spp., for airborne fungi, respectively. Size distributions of airborne bacteria and fungi in terms of the dominant genera were not observed consistently except for Staphylococcus spp., which was detected mainly on the first stage (>7.0 μm) and second stage(4.7–7.0 μm), and Penicillium spp., and Cladosporium spp., showing the highest collection rate at stage 3 (3.3–4.7 μm) regardless of the kind of the public buildings.     

基于DSM深度影像的机载LiDAR建筑物边界提取

该文探讨了基于DSM深度影像的机载Li DAR建筑物边界提取。首先利用归一化的DSM数据点生成DSM深度影像,然后对影像进行相关处理,包括中值滤波、形态学处理,以剔除噪声、植被及较小地物等信息,采用阈值分割与二值化,得到明显的建筑物区域,最后使用边界检测的方法将建筑物初始边界提取出来,并检测其角点,利用最小二乘方法进行拟合,得到规则化的建筑物边界。     

Urban development and particulate air pollution in Coimbatore city,India

Haphazard urbanization and unprecedented vehicular growth that exacerbate air quality are prevalent features in India. Coimbatore, an important industrial city ranking 15th in terms of principal urban agglomerations of India, was classified as a moderately polluted area in National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring survey in 1997. The current study (March 1999–February 2001) was undertaken to assess suspended particulate matter (SPM) in urban and suburban Coimbatore. It was found that in the Coimbatore atmosphere SPM with a diameter of less than 10 µm (respirable fraction, RSPM or PM₁₀) and those with a diameter above 10 µm, the non‐respirable (NRSPM) fraction, ranged between 30–149 µg/m³ and 24.4–460 µg/m³ respectively. The study infers that urban areas, especially those with frequent vehicular traffic and traffic congestion, had comparatively high RSPM exceeding the Indian prescribed standards (60 µg/m³). Emission inventory estimated for current vehicle strength showed that about 840 000 kg of particulate matter was emitted during 2001. Wind speed negatively correlated with RSPM, while it was positively correlated with NRSPM. Temperature had a negative correlation with RSPM values.     

基于加权相关信号子空间的多频相位融合方法

针对多频干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)干涉信号不同频率分量的相位融合问题,提出基于加权相关信号子空间方法(CSSM)的多频相位融合方法。该融合方法采用联合像素模型构建信号模型;对 CSSM构造聚焦矩阵的思想进行改进,通过对各频率分量对应的协方差矩阵进行加权聚焦应对不同频率分量的信噪比差异;并采用联合子空间投影方法估计干涉相位。仿真数据和 SIR-C雷达实际数据验证表明,该方法能够有效改善多频 InSAR的干涉相位估计性能。